What's happened to cold weather?

R-b Merg on the KGV, packed-in Tufties at Nazeing and Smew at Cheshunt.

What’s happened to cold weather? When we had it in the 80’s we were splattered in scarce grebes, divers, gulls and other stuff. This winter has been rather slow, a few Bitterns and Smew (but barely more than usual) and not much more so far. Okay, there were some Eider on the Girling today, and we are knee-deep in Waxwings, but overall it’s not like it used to be.

In early 1979, strong north-easterly winds precipitated a remarkable influx of, amongst other birds, grebes, divers, Smew and Goosander. Within a month my Lee Valley list included 12 Red-necked Grebes, 30+ Red-breasted Mergansers, 2 Slavonian Grebes, 2 Black-throated, 2 Great Northern and a single Red-throated Diver, 26 White-fronted Geese, Hen Harrier, 5 Long-eared and 6 Short-eared Owls.

Likewise, in early 1985, severe weather resulted in a massive influx of Smew (up to 40 at Holyfield Marsh alone), Scaup (9), Slavonian Grebes (5), Red-necked Grebes (4), Velvet Scoter (3), Long-tailed Duck, Bean Goose, Glaucous Gull, Shag and Hen Harrier. However, judging by the length of my notes, a Mediterranean Gull was the most exciting.

Is this current weather not blasting easterly enough, has climate change shifted the distribution of some of these birds, or are there just fewer of them nowadays? Or perhaps a bit of all three?

Cold weather refuges are critical for wintering waterbird populations. These may be provided by the larger, deeper waters of the reservoirs that rarely freeze, or by sites that have flowing water, such as the rivers or the sewage treatment lagoons at Rye Meads. The winter of 2008/09 provided an opportunity to record hard-weather effects in the valley during the short freezing spell in early January. At this time, up to 2,000 birds may have left the valley, with around 1,000 returning as milder conditions prevailed. Dabbling duck were mainly affected with losses of Gadwall, Teal and Shoveler but significant numbers of Coot also left. Birds also re-distributed; Gadwall concentrated on Netherhall GP and the King George V Reservoir, as sites such as Amwell NR, Holyfield Marsh GP and Cheshunt GP froze over.

Revision of the 30 cm rule.

A Bittern nest at Ham Wall; built in 110cm of water

 It is perhaps surprising to think that until the early 1990s we knew little about the ecological requirements of the Bittern other than it was a ‘reedbed bird’. With the UK population plummeting, research was undertaken at the key sites: Minsmere and Leighton Moss. It soon became clear that it was the drying out of our reedbeds through natural succession that was the main cause. Put simply, Bitterns require wet reedbeds that provide both abundant food and security from predation. The research showed that female Bitterns nested in reedbeds that remained wet all summer and the average water depth on the date of the first egg was 22 cm. The call went out to create new reedbeds, with a recommended spring water depth of around 30 cm.

This week we reviewed the data from extensive reedbed studies over the last couple of years. One revealing analysis was the depth of water that Bitterns in the UK are now nesting in, and the take-home message is that Bitterns appear to be able to nest in as deep a reedbed as a site can provide. At the superb new wet reedbeds at Ham Wall, Lakenheath and Shapwick, recent nests have been constructed in 50cm to 1metre of water. Perhaps we shouldn’t be surprised; a previous Polish study found Bittern nests in up to 97cm of water.

So while the research was invaluable and set out the path for Bittern recovery in the UK, the nest water depths merely reflected the best (wettest) reedbeds at that time. Now we have better reedbeds, the 30cm rule requires revising to reflect our increasing knowledge.  New, big, wet reedbeds are not only going to last longer but will be more robust in the face of climate change and will be attractive to potential new colonists, note the presence of Little Bittern, Purple Heron and Great White Egret this year in our biggest and wettest reedbeds.

Ouse up and Ouse down?

The Ouse Washes are officially classed as ‘Unfavourable’ condition, due to the increased incidence of summer flooding and the poor water quality. Breeding waders have declined, from an overall total of 900+ pairs in 1990 to around 450 this year. Most notably, Black-tailed Godwits have declined to just 2 or 3 pairs at this former stronghold, and Snipe have also declined sharply.

However, ‘every cloud has a silver lining’ as they say. Under the wetter summer conditions, breeding duck have increased, with average counts over the last five years of 161 pairs of Shoveler, 110 of Gadwall and 9 of Garganey. Spotted Crakes also increase in the wetter years, with up to 4 ‘whippers’ in recent times. These ups and downs mirror the cyclical patterns of species seen in some natural floodplains in Europe – more ducks, grebes and terns in wet years, more waders and Corncrakes in drier years.

The influence of the water regime also applies in the winter, deep floods favour Pochard, Tufted Duck and Coot, shallow floods favour the dabblers; Shoveler, Wigeon, Pintail and Teal.  The highly mobile birds respond rapidly as the water levels change.  There are of course many external influences at work as well. Many wildfowl are ‘short-stopping’ on the continent, due to recent milder (!?) winters. The wild swans, perhaps the washes most notable winter visitors, also show differing trends, but this is not down to water regime. Whilst Whoopers (from Iceland) have steadily increased to over 5,000, Bewick’s have declined to around 3,500. The decline in Bewick’s is concerning as it is clear that poor breeding success is at least part of the cause. The number of juvenile birds accompanying the adults has sharply declined in recent years.

Today the washes were frozen stiff. Whoopers and Bewick’s fed out in the adjacent beet fields, returning in the late afternoon to roost on a small area they keep ice-free. Around 1600 have returned so far this winter. It may be ‘unfavourable’ but the Ouse Washes are still a fantastic place for birds.

Owl pellets

Talking of top predators, a while back, a large bag of smelly owl pellets arrived on my desk with the request, “Can you see what’s in these?” They were large pellets, 70 mm long on average and had arrived from, let’s say, an upland location.
Of the 35 pellets collected over two years (12 in 2009, 23 in 2010), 28 (80%) contained mammal remains, including Rabbits (23), Field Vole (7), Brown Rat (1) and Stoat (1). Eleven pellets (31%) contained bird remains (at least 4 Red Grouse and 1 Pheasant, with 2 probable Pheasants). The mass of loose remains found with the pellets included 3+ Rabbits, 1 Field Vole skull, 2 bird skulls (Red Grouse), 1 bird leg (Pheasant) and many Red Grouse feathers (probably from one bird).

So, in this small sample, Rabbits formed the bulk of the prey in both years, with a smaller percentage of Red Grouse/Pheasants, not a surprise as these were all common in the locality. All the voles came from the 2010 pellets, suggesting a local abundance that year.

The diet of Eagle Owls is known to be wide and varied, but usually reflects the local abundance of suitable (available and economic) mammal and bird prey at any particular time. It is also well known to be very intolerant of ‘minor’ predators within its territory, suppressing their numbers through direct predation. Such behaviour is typical of top predators. Although concern has been voiced about their impact on nesting Hen Harriers, we all know what the main predator of the harrier is!  Personally I’m glad this magnificent bird has regained a toehold in this country. Now, what about the Lynx?; that should sort a few things out.

A photo below of an Eagle Owl pellet deposited on the remains of a Bittern! – taken in Belarus I might add.

The grass is always greener

Geese at North Warren – some more dodgy than others – feeding on a fine sward.

A ‘goosey’ couple of days with a Tundra Bean at Vange Wick on Wednesday, followed by a day at North Warren where there were 62 White-fronts, 2 Pink-feet and 3 Fly-over Bean Geese amongst the hordes of birds with, let’s say, a more local origin. North Warren is an excellent winter site, attracting large numbers of wildfowl to the flooded wet grassland habitat. 30+ Pintail lurked amongst the hundreds of Wigeon and Teal, and at least 8 Water Pipits made themselves obvious.

Managing wet grassland may at first sight seem easy – there are only two issues to get right – the water and the sward. However, this does hide a mass of complexities. At North Warren, the brackish influence is allowing the unpalatable Saltmarsh Rush Juncus gerardi to flourish. At the same time, recent milder winters, are allowing more winter grass growth (with an increasingly long growing season predicted under climate change). Together these factors affect the quality of both winter wildfowl grazing and spring breeding wader habitat. The current attempts to halt this shift in sward condition are based around a more dynamic water regime (including holding winter water longer into spring to suppress growth) and the introduction of some winter grazing by ponies. Time will tell if it works. Yesterday, the site looked superb!

Below - Saltmarsh Rush - yuk - no geese (mainly because I'm stood there)

Stoatally obvious, or is it?

As days shorten and field work becomes less attractive, we tend to find more time for thinking about the big issues in reserve management.  Predation is one such issue.

Reserves that have high numbers of ground-nesting birds often seem to have poor productivity.  Over recent decades, birds and their predators have been increasingly squeezed into smaller areas of good 'honey-pot' habitat.  Predation by Foxes has been shown to account for a high percentage of nest losses in several species eg Lapwing.

So, trying to prevent Fox predation may seem to be the obvious answer on sites where it is proven to be a problem, and this may be attempted by lethal (shooting) or ideally non-lethal measures (such as electric fencing or habitat manipulation).  However, the results do not always seem to be clear-cut. The productivity of the target species may not recover, or other species may unexpectedly decline.

The complicating factor may be 'meso-predator release'. Top predators tend to suppress numbers of smaller, less dominant (meso) predators, such that when the top predator is removed, the meso-predator increases in abundance. So, in Finland, the removal of Lynx can allow Foxes to increase, causing a decline in a key prey species, the Mountain Hare.  In the UK, the removal of Foxes may allow mustellids (generally Stoats and Weasels) to increase, and this may impact on species more vulnerable to mustellid predation. So things begin to get complicated, and answers are not always obvious.

And then there's the inter-action of Badgers with Foxes to consider.....and the effect of fluctuating small mammal populations.   Hmmm, more thinking time required.

Cheshunt GP, Saturday 13th November, Twenty past Water Rail

I usually find it is about twenty minutes after the first Water Rail has called that they move. I arrive at the best viewpoint as the sun goes down and the Water Rails kick in, at least six noted. A couple of Cetti’s sing weakly from each side of the lake. Still plenty of light in the sky, but start scanning. The ducks become restless, a Woodcock whizzes across the sky onward to some unknown feeding area. The last gulls pass through towards the roost, light levels drop. It’s Mallard time; birds are suddenly flying everywhere. Then the Pochard are alert, nodding to each other, and at some given signal, all get up and fly, probably south to the Thames. Very little light now, keep the resolve, keep scanning. There. The distinctive shape comes across the lake and crashes into the reeds in front of me. The Bittern has returned to its favoured roost site. Time for the football results.